Szerkesztő:LinguisticMystic/ko/0

Only Standard Seoul Korean, the official dialect of both North and South Koreas, is taken into account.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No.	English	Korean 한국어 (Hankuke)	IPA	Transcription (Yale romanization of Korean)
1	I	나, 저	nɑ, t͡ɕ⁽ʰʌ	na, ce (humble)
2	you (singular)	너, 니	nʌ, ni	ne, ni
3	he	그, 걔	k⁽ʰɯ̽, kjɛ	ku (literary), kyay (colloquial)
4	we	우리, 저희	uɾi, t͡ɕ⁽ʰʌhɰi	wuli, cehuy (humble)
5	you (plural)	너희	nʌhɰi	nehuy
6	they	그들, 걔네	k⁽ʰɯ̽dɯ̽l, kjɛne̞	kutul (literary), kyayney (colloquial)
7	this	이	i	i
8	that	그, 저	k⁽ʰɯ̽, t͡ɕ⁽ʰʌ	ku (medial), ce (distal)
9	here	여기	jʌgi	yeki
10	there	거기, 저기	k⁽ʰʌgi, t͡ɕʌ̹ɡi	keki (medial), ceki (distal)
11	who	누구, 누가	nugu, nugɑ	nwukwu, nwuka (nominative)
12	what	무엇, 무슨	muʌ̹t̚, musʰɯn	mwues (pronoun), mwusun (adnominal)
13	where	어디	ʌdi	eti
14	when	언제	ˈɘːnd͡ʑe̞	encey
15	how	어떻게	ʌ̹t͈ʌ̹kʰe̞	etteh-key
16	not	안	ɑn	an
17	all	모든, 모두	modɯn, modu	motun (adnominal), motwu (adverbial)
18	many	많다	maːntʰa	manh-ta
19	some	어떤	ʌt͈ʌn	etten
20	few	조금	t͡ɕogɯm	cokum
21	other	다른	tɑɾɯ̽n	talun
22	one	하나, 한	hɑnɑ, hɑn	hana (noun), han (adnominal)
23	two	둘, 두	tuːɭ, tuː	twul (noun), twu (adnominal)
24	three	셋, 세	sʰe̞t̚, sʰe̞	seys (noun), sey (adnominal)
25	four	넷, 네	ne̞t̚, ne̞	neys (noun), ney (adnominal)
26	five	다섯	ta̠sʰʌ̹t̚	tases
27	big	크다	kʰɯdɑ	khu-ta
28	long	길다	kildɑ	kil-ta
29	wide	넓다	nʌ̹ɭt͈a̠	nelp-ta
30	thick	두껍다	tuk͈ʌ̹p̚t͈a̠	twukkeW-ta
31	heavy	무겁다	muɡʌ̹p̚t͈a̠	mwukeW-ta
32	small	작다	t͡ɕa̠k̚t͈a̠	cak-ta
33	short	짧다	t͡ɕ͈a̠ɭt͈a̠	ccalp-ta
34	narrow	좁다	t͡ɕo̞p̚t͈a̠	cop-ta
35	thin	얇다	ja̠ɭt͈a̠	yalp-ta
36	woman	계집, 여자	kje̞d͡ʑip̚, jʌ̹d͡ʑa̠	kyeycip (obsolete; derogatory), yeca (usual)
37	man (adult male)	사나이, 남자	sʰa̠na̠i, na̠md͡ʑa̠	sanai (archaic), namca (usual)
38	man (human being)	사람	sʰa̠ɾa̠m	salam
39	child	아이, 애, 어린이	a̠i, e̞, ʌ̹ɾini	ai, ay, elin-i (formal)
40	wife	아내, 마누라	a̠ne̞, ma̠nuɾa̠	anay, manwula
41	husband	지아비, 남편	t͡ɕia̠bi, na̠mpʰjʌ̹n	ciapi (archaic), namphyen (usual)
42	mother	어머니, 엄마	ʌ̹mʌ̹ni, ʌ̹mma̠	emeni, emma (informal)
43	father	아버지, 아빠	a̠bʌ̹d͡ʑi, a̠p͈a̠	apeci, appa (informal)
44	animal	짐승, 동물	t͡ɕimsʰɯŋ, to̞ːŋmuɭ	cimsung (dated), tongmwul (usual)
45	fish	물고기	muɭk͈o̞ɡi	mwulkoki
46	bird	새	sʰe̞	say
47	dog	개	ke̞ː	kay
48	louse	이	i	i
49	snake	뱀	pe̞ːm	paym
50	worm	벌레	pʌ̹ɭɭe̞	pelley
51	tree	나무	na̠mu	namwu
52	forest	숲	sʰup̚	suph
53	stick	막대기	ma̠k̚t͈e̞ɡi	maktayki
54	fruit	열매	jʌ̹ɭme̞	yelmay
55	seed	씨	ɕ͈i	ssi
56	leaf	잎	ip̚	iph
57	root	뿌리	p͈uɾi	ppwuli
58	bark (of a tree)	나무껍질	na̠muk͈ʌ̹p̚t͡ɕ͈iɭ	namwu-kkepcil
59	flower	꽃	k͈o̞t̚	kkoch
60	grass	풀	pʰuɭ	phwul ('herbaceous plant')
61	rope	밧줄	pa̠t̚t͡ɕ͈uɭ	pascwul
62	skin	살갗, 피부	sʰa̠ɭɡa̠t̚, pʰibu	salkach, phipu
63	meat	고기	ko̞ɡi	koki
64	blood	피	pʰi	phi
65	bone	뼈	p͈jʌ̹	ppye
66	fat (noun)	기름	kiɾɯm	kilum
67	egg	알	a̠ɭ	al
68	horn	뿔	p͈uɭ	ppwul
69	tail	꼬리	k͈o̞ɾi	kkoli
70	feather	깃털	kit̚tʰʌ̹ɭ	kisthel
71	hair	털	tʰʌ̹ɭ	thel
72	head	머리, 대가리	mʌ̹ɾi, te̞ɡa̠ɾi	meli, taykali (of animals)
73	ear	귀	kɥi	kwi
74	eye	눈	nun	nwun
75	nose	코	kʰo̞	kho
76	mouth	입, 주둥이	ip̚, t͡ɕuduŋi	ip, cwutung.i (as of animals)
77	tooth	이, 이빨	i, ip͈a̠ɭ	i, ippal (as of animals)
78	tongue (organ)	혀	çjʌ̹	hye
79	fingernail	손톱	sʰo̞ntʰo̞p̚	sonthop
80	foot	발	pa̠ɭ	pal
81	leg	다리	ta̠ɾi	tali
82	knee	무릎	muɾɯp̚	mwuluph
83	hand	손	sʰo̞n	son
84	wing	날개	na̠ɭɡe̞	nalkay
85	belly	배	pe̞	pay
86	guts	창자	t͡ɕʰaŋd͡ʑa	changca
87	neck	목	mo̞k̚	mok
88	back	등	tɯŋ	tung
89	breast	가슴	ka̠sʰɯm	kasum
90	heart	염통, 심장	jʌ̹mtʰo̞ŋ, ɕʰimd͡ʑa̠ŋ	yemthong (dated), simcang (usual)
91	liver	간	kan	kan
92	to drink	먹다, 마시다	mʌ̹k̚t͈a̠, ma̠ɕʰida̠	mek-ta, masi-ta
93	to eat	먹다	mʌ̹k̚t͈a̠	mek-ta
94	to bite	물다	muɭda̠	mwul-ta
95	to suck	빨다	p͈a̠ɭda̠	ppal-ta
96	to spit	뱉다	pe̞t̚t͈a̠	payth-ta
97	to vomit	게우다, 토하다	ke̞uda̠, tʰo̞ɦa̠da̠	keywu-ta (dated), tho-ha-ta (usual)
98	to blow	불다	puɭda̠	pwul-ta
99	to breathe	쉬다	ʃʰɥida̠	swi-ta
100	to laugh	웃다	ut̚t͈a̠	wus-ta
101	to see	보다	podɑ	po-ta
102	to hear	듣다	tɯt̚t͈a̠	tut-ta
103	to know	알다	ɑlda	al-ta
104	to think	헤아리다, 생각하다	he̞a̠ɾida̠, sʰɛŋɡa̠kʰa̠da̠	heali-ta, sayngkak (usual)
105	to smell	맡다	ma̠t̚t͈a̠	math-ta
106	to fear	두렵다, 무섭다	tuɾjʌ̹p̚t͈a̠, musʰʌ̹p̚t͈a̠	twulyeW-ta, mwuseW-ta
107	to sleep	자다	t͡ɕ⁽ʰ⁾ada	ca-ta
108	to live	살다	s⁽ʰ⁾ɑldɑ	sal-ta
109	to die	죽다	t͡ɕuk̚t͈a̠	cwuk-ta
110	to kill	죽이다	t͡ɕuɡida̠	cwuki-ta
111	to fight	다투다, 싸우다	ta̠tʰuda̠, s͈a̠uda̠	tathwu-ta, ssawu-ta
112	hunt (noun)	사냥	sʰa̠ɲja̠ŋ	sanyang
113	to hit	치다, 때리다	t͡ɕʰida̠, t͈e̞ɾida̠	chi-ta, ttayli-ta
114	to cut	베다, 자르다	pe̞da̠, t͡ɕa̠ɾɯda̠	pey-ta, calu-ta
115	to split	가르다, 갈라지다	ka̠ɾɯda̠, ka̠ɭɭa̠d͡ʑida̠	kalu-ta (transitive), kallaci-ta (intransitive)
116	to stab	찌르다	t͡ɕ͈iɾɯda̠	ccilu-ta
117	to scratch	긁다	kɯk̚t͈a̠	kulk-ta
118	to dig	파다	pʰa̠da̠	pha-ta
119	to swim	헤엄치다	he̞ʌ̹mt͡ɕʰida̠	hey.em chi-ta
120	to fly	날다	na̠ɭda̠	nal-ta
121	to walk	걷다	kʌ̹t̚t͈a̠	keT-ta
122	to come	오다	o̞da̠	o-ta
123	to lie (as in a bed)	눕다	nup̚t͈a̠	nuW-ta
124	to sit	앉다	a̠nt͈a̠	anc-ta
125	to stand	서다	sʰʌ̹da̠	se-ta
126	to turn (intransitive)	돌다	to̞ɭda̠	tol-ta
127	to fall	떨어지다	t͈ʌ̹ɾʌ̹d͡ʑida̠	tteleci-ta
128	to give	주다	t͡ɕuda̠	cwu-ta
129	to hold	잡다	t͡ɕa̠p̚t͈a̠	capta
130	to squeeze	짜다	t͡ɕ͈a̠da̠	ccata
131	to rub	문지르다, 비비다	mund͡ʑiɾɯda̠, pibida̠	mwuncilu-ta, pipi-ta
132	to wash	씻다	ɕ͈it̚t͈a̠	ssis-ta
133	to wipe	닦다	ta̠k̚t͈a̠	takk-ta
134	to pull	끌다, 당기다	k͈ɯ̽ldɑ, ta̠ŋɡida̠	kkul-ta, tangki-ta
135	to push	밀다	mildɑ	mil-ta
136	to throw	던지다	tʌ̹nd͡ʑida̠	tenci-ta
137	to tie	매다	mεdɑ	may-ta
138	to sew	깁다	kip̚t͈a̠	kip-ta
139	to count	세다	s⁽ʰ⁾edɑ	sey-ta
140	to say	말하다	ma̠ɾɦa̠da̠	mal-ha-ta
141	to sing	부르다, 노래하다	puɾɯda̠, no̞ɾe̞ɦa̠da̠	pulu-ta, nolay-ha-ta
142	to play	놀다	no̞ɭda̠	nol-ta
143	to float	뜨다	t͈ɯda̠	ttu-ta
144	to flow	흐르다	xɯɾɯda̠	hulu-ta
145	to freeze	얼다	ʌldɑ	el-ta
146	to swell	붓다, 부풀다	put̚t͈a̠, pupʰuɭda̠	pus-ta, puphul-ta
147	sun	해	hε	hay
148	moon	달	tɑl	tal
149	star	별	pjʌ̹ɭ	pyel
150	water	물	muɭ	mwul
151	rain	비	pi	pi
152	river	강	kaŋ	kang
153	lake	못, 호수	mo̞t̚, ɸʷo̞sʰu	mos (pond), hoswu (lake)
154	sea	바다	pa̠da̠	pata
155	salt	소금	sʰo̞ɡɯm	sokum
156	stone	돌, 바위	to̞ɭ, pa̠y	tol (stone), pawi (rock)
157	sand	모래	mo̞ɾe̞	molay
158	dust	먼지	mʌ̹nd͡ʑi	menci
159	earth (soil)	흙	xɯk̚	hulk
160	cloud	구름	kuɾɯm	kulum
161	fog	안개	a̠nɡe̞	ankay
162	sky	하늘	ha̠nɯɭ	hanul
163	wind	바람	pa̠ɾa̠m	palam
164	snow	눈	nun	nwun
165	ice	얼음	ʌ̹ɾɯm	elum
166	smoke	내, 연기	ne̞, jʌ̹nɡi	nay (dated), yenki (usual)
167	fire	불	puɭ	pwul
168	ash	재	t͡ɕe̞	cay
169	to burn	타다	tʰɑdɑ	tha-ta
170	road	길	kiɭ	kil
171	mountain	산	sʰa̠n	san
172	red	붉다, 빨갛다	puk̚t͈a̠, p͈a̠ɭɡa̠tʰa̠	pwulk-ta, ppalkah-ta
173	green	푸르다, 초록	pʰuɾɯda̠, t͡ɕʰo̞ɾo̞k̚	phwulu-ta, cholok
174	yellow	누르다, 노랗다	nuɾɯda̠, no̞ɾa̠tʰa̠	nwulu-ta, nolah-ta
175	white	희다, 하얗다	çida̠, ha̠ja̠tʰa̠	huy-ta, hayah-ta
176	black	검다, 까맣다	kʌ̹mt͈a̠, k͈a̠ma̠tʰa̠	kem-ta, kkamah-ta
177	night	밤	pa̠m	pam
178	day	낮	na̠t̚	nac
179	year	해, 년	he̞, ɲjʌ̹n	hay, nyen
180	warm	덥다, 따뜻하다	tʌ̹p̚t͈a̠, t͈a̠t͈ɯtʰa̠da̠	teW-ta, ttatus-ha-ta
181	cold	춥다, 차다	t͡ɕʰup̚t͈a̠, t͡ɕʰa̠da̠	chup-ta (of the weather), cha-ta (of a tangible object)
182	full	차다, 가득	t͡ɕʰa̠da̠, ka̠dɯk̚	cha-ta, katuk (adverbial)
183	new	새, 새롭다	sʰe̞, sʰɛɾo̞p̚t͈a̠	say(-low-ta)
184	old	옛, 오래되다	je̞t̚, o̞ɾe̞dwe̞da̠	yeys, olay-toy-ta
185	good	좋다	t͡ɕo̞tʰa̠	coh-ta
186	bad	나쁘다	na̠p͈ɯda̠	nappu-ta
187	rotten	썩다	s͈ʌ̹k̚t͈a̠	ssek-ta
188	dirty	더럽다	tʌ̹ɾʌ̹p̚t͈a̠	teleW-ta
189	straight	곧다	ko̞t̚t͈a̠	kot-ta
190	round	둥글다	tuŋɡɯɭda̠	twungkul-ta
191	sharp (as a knife)	날카롭다, 뾰족하다	na̠ɭkʰa̠ɾo̞p̚t͈a̠, p͈jod͡ʑo̞kʰa̠da̠	nal-khaloW-ta (sharp), ppyocok-ha-ta (pointed)
192	dull (as a knife)	무디다	mudida̠	mwuti-ta
193	smooth	부드럽다	pudɯɾʌ̹p̚t͈a̠	pwutuleW-ta
194	wet	젖다	t͡ɕʌ̹t̚t͈a̠	cec-ta
195	dry	마르다	ma̠ɾɯda̠	malu-ta
196	correct	맞다	ma̠t̚t͈a̠	mac-ta
197	near	가깝다	ka̠k͈a̠p̚t͈a̠	kakkaW-ta
198	far	멀다	mʌ̹ɭda̠	mel-ta
199	right	오른(쪽)	o̞ɾɯn(-t͡ɕ͈o̞k̚)	olun(-ccok)
200	left	왼(쪽)	we̞n(-t͡ɕ͈o̞k̚)	oyn(-ccok)
201	at	에서	-e̞sʰʌ̹	-eyse
202	in	에, 안에	-e̞, a̠n-e̞	-ey, an-ey
203	with	로, 으로	-(ɯ)ɾo̞	-(u)lwo (instrumental)
204	and	와, 과, -랑, -이랑, -고	-(k)wa̠, -(i)ɾa̠ŋ, -go̞	-(k)wa, -(i)lang (nouns), -ko (verbs)
205	if	-면	-mjʌ̹n	-myen
206	because	-니, 때문에	-ni, t͈e̞mune̞	-ni(kka), ttaymwun-ey
207	name	이름	iɾɯ̽m	ilum
208	house	집	t͡ɕip̚	cip
209	wall	담, 벽	ta̠m, pjʌ̹k̚	tam, pyek
210	deer	사슴	sʰa̠sʰɯm	sasum
211	mouse	쥐	t͡ɕy	cwi
212	rabbit	토끼	tʰo̞k͈i	thokki
213	eagle	수리	sʰuɾi	swuli
214	spider	거미	kʌ̹mi	kemi
215	face	얼굴	ʌ̹ɭɡuɭ	elkwul
216	body	몸	mo̞m	mom
217	navel	배꼽	pe̞k͈o̞p̚	paykkop
218	finger	손가락	sʰo̞nk͈a̠ɾa̠k̚	son-kalak
219	sick (painful)	아프다	a̠pʰɯda̠	aphu-ta
220	needle	바늘	pa̠nɯɭ	panul
221	clothing	옷	o̞t̚	os
222	thunder	천둥	t͡ɕʰʌ̹nduŋ	chentwung
223	lightning	번개	pʌ̹nɡe̞	penkay
224	above	위	y	uy
225	below	아래	a̠ɾe̞	alay
226	to cough	깇다, 기침하다	kit̚t͈a̠, kit͡ɕʰimɦa̠da̠	kich-ta (North Korean), kich-im-ha-ta
227	to buy	사다	sʰa̠da̠	sa-ta
228	to choose	고르다	ko̞ɾɯda̠	kolu-ta
229	to grow	자라다	t͡ɕa̠ɾa̠da̠	cala-ta
230	to open	열다	jʌ̹ɭda̠	yel-ta
231	to steal	훔치다	ɸʷumt͡ɕʰida̠	hwumchi-ta
232	to dream	꾸다	k͈uda̠	kkwu-ta
233	to cry	울다	uɭda̠	wul-ta
234	to yawn	하품하다	ha̠pʰumɦa̠da̠	haphwum-ha-ta
235	to cook	요리하다, 굽다	joɾiɦa̠da̠, kup̚t͈a̠	yoli-ha-ta, kuW-ta (to bake)
236	six	여섯	jʌ̹sʰʌ̹t̚	yeses
237	seven	일곱	iɭɡo̞p̚	ilkop
238	eight	여덟	jʌ̹dʌ̹ɭ	yetelp
239	nine	아홉	a̠βo̞p̚	ahop
240	ten	열	jʌ̹ɭ	yel