- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| No.
|
English
|
Hungarian
magyar
|
| 1
|
I
|
én
|
| 2
|
you (singular)
|
te
|
| 3
|
he
|
ő
|
| 4
|
we
|
mi
|
| 5
|
you (plural)
|
ti
|
| 6
|
they
|
ők
|
| 7
|
this
|
ez
|
| 8
|
that
|
az
|
| 9
|
here
|
itt
|
| 10
|
there
|
ott
|
| 11
|
who
|
ki?
|
| 12
|
what
|
mi?
|
| 13
|
where
|
hol?
|
| 14
|
when
|
mikor?
|
| 15
|
how
|
hogy?, (hogyan?)
|
| 16
|
not
|
nem, ne!
|
| 17
|
all
|
mind, (minden)
|
| 18
|
many
|
sok
|
| 19
|
some
|
néhány
|
| 20
|
few
|
kevés
|
| 21
|
other
|
más
|
| 22
|
one
|
egy
|
| 23
|
two
|
kettő
|
| 24
|
three
|
három
|
| 25
|
four
|
négy
|
| 26
|
five
|
öt
|
| 27
|
big
|
nagy
|
| 28
|
long
|
hosszú
|
| 29
|
wide
|
széles
|
| 30
|
thick
|
vastag
|
| 31
|
heavy
|
nehéz
|
| 32
|
small
|
kis
|
| 33
|
short
|
rövid
|
| 34
|
narrow
|
szűk
|
| 35
|
thin
|
vékony
|
| 36
|
woman
|
nő
|
| 37
|
man (adult male)
|
férfi
|
| 38
|
man (human being)
|
ember
|
| 39
|
child
|
gyerek, gyermek
|
| 40
|
wife
|
feleség
|
| 41
|
husband
|
férj
|
| 42
|
mother
|
anya
|
| 43
|
father
|
apa
|
| 44
|
animal
|
állat
|
| 45
|
fish
|
hal
|
| 46
|
bird
|
madár
|
| 47
|
dog
|
kutya
|
| 48
|
louse
|
tetű
|
| 49
|
snake
|
kígyó
|
| 50
|
worm
|
féreg
|
| 51
|
tree
|
fa
|
| 52
|
forest
|
erdő
|
| 53
|
stick
|
bot
|
| 54
|
fruit
|
gyümölcs
|
| 55
|
seed
|
mag
|
| 56
|
leaf
|
levél
|
| 57
|
root
|
gyökér
|
| 58
|
bark (of a tree)
|
kéreg
|
| 59
|
flower
|
virág
|
| 60
|
grass
|
fű
|
| 61
|
rope
|
kötél
|
| 62
|
skin
|
bőr
|
| 63
|
meat
|
hús
|
| 64
|
blood
|
vér
|
| 65
|
bone
|
csont
|
| 66
|
fat (noun)
|
háj
|
| 67
|
egg
|
tojás
|
| 68
|
horn
|
szarv
|
| 69
|
tail
|
farok
|
| 70
|
feather
|
toll
|
| 71
|
hair
|
haj
|
| 72
|
head
|
fej
|
| 73
|
ear
|
fül
|
| 74
|
eye
|
szem
|
| 75
|
nose
|
orr
|
| 76
|
mouth
|
száj
|
| 77
|
tooth
|
fog
|
| 78
|
tongue (organ)
|
nyelv
|
| 79
|
fingernail
|
köröm
|
| 80
|
foot
|
lábfej
|
| 81
|
leg
|
láb
|
| 82
|
knee
|
térd
|
| 83
|
hand
|
kéz
|
| 84
|
wing
|
szárny
|
| 85
|
belly
|
has
|
| 86
|
guts
|
bél
|
| 87
|
neck
|
nyak
|
| 88
|
back
|
hát
|
| 89
|
breast
|
mell
|
| 90
|
heart
|
szív
|
| 91
|
liver
|
máj
|
| 92
|
to drink
|
iszik
|
| 93
|
to eat
|
eszik
|
| 94
|
to bite
|
harap
|
| 95
|
to suck
|
szop, szopik
|
| 96
|
to spit
|
köp
|
| 97
|
to vomit
|
hány
|
| 98
|
to blow
|
fúj
|
| 99
|
to breathe
|
lélegzik
|
| 100
|
to laugh
|
nevet
|
| 101
|
to see
|
lát
|
| 102
|
to hear
|
hall
|
| 103
|
to know
|
tud
|
| 104
|
to think
|
gondol
|
| 105
|
to smell
|
szagol
|
| 106
|
to fear
|
fél
|
| 107
|
to sleep
|
alszik
|
| 108
|
to live
|
él
|
| 109
|
to die
|
meghal
|
| 110
|
to kill
|
öl
|
| 111
|
to fight
|
harcol
|
| 112
|
to hunt
|
vadászik
|
| 113
|
to hit
|
üt
|
| 114
|
to cut
|
vág
|
| 115
|
to split
|
hasít
|
| 116
|
to stab
|
szúr
|
| 117
|
to scratch
|
vakar
|
| 118
|
to dig
|
ás
|
| 119
|
to swim
|
úszik
|
| 120
|
to fly
|
repül
|
| 121
|
to walk
|
jár
|
| 122
|
to come
|
jön
|
| 123
|
to lie (as in a bed)
|
fekszik
|
| 124
|
to sit
|
ül
|
| 125
|
to stand
|
áll
|
| 126
|
to turn (intransitive)
|
fordul
|
| 127
|
to fall
|
esik
|
| 128
|
to give
|
ad
|
| 129
|
to hold
|
tart
|
| 130
|
to squeeze
|
sajtol
|
| 131
|
to rub
|
dörgöl
|
| 132
|
to wash
|
mos
|
| 133
|
to wipe
|
töröl
|
| 134
|
to pull
|
húz
|
| 135
|
to push
|
tol
|
| 136
|
to throw
|
hajít
|
| 137
|
to tie
|
köt
|
| 138
|
to sew
|
varr
|
| 139
|
to count
|
számol
|
| 140
|
to say
|
mond
|
| 141
|
to sing
|
énekel
|
| 142
|
to play
|
játszik
|
| 143
|
to float
|
lebeg
|
| 144
|
to flow
|
folyik
|
| 145
|
to freeze
|
megfagy
|
| 146
|
to swell
|
dagad
|
| 147
|
sun
|
nap
|
| 148
|
moon
|
hold
|
| 149
|
star
|
csillag
|
| 150
|
water
|
víz
|
| 151
|
rain
|
eső
|
| 152
|
river
|
folyó
|
| 153
|
lake
|
tó
|
| 154
|
sea
|
tenger
|
| 155
|
salt
|
só
|
| 156
|
stone
|
kő
|
| 157
|
sand
|
homok
|
| 158
|
dust
|
por
|
| 159
|
earth
|
föld
|
| 160
|
cloud
|
felhő
|
| 161
|
fog
|
köd
|
| 162
|
sky
|
ég (noun)
|
| 163
|
wind
|
szél
|
| 164
|
snow
|
hó
|
| 165
|
ice
|
jég
|
| 166
|
smoke
|
füst
|
| 167
|
fire
|
tűz
|
| 168
|
ash
|
hamu
|
| 169
|
to burn
|
ég (verb)
|
| 170
|
road
|
út
|
| 171
|
mountain
|
hegy
|
| 172
|
red
|
piros, vörös
|
| 173
|
green
|
zöld
|
| 174
|
yellow
|
sárga
|
| 175
|
white
|
fehér
|
| 176
|
black
|
fekete
|
| 177
|
night
|
éj
|
| 178
|
day
|
nap
|
| 179
|
year
|
év
|
| 180
|
warm
|
meleg
|
| 181
|
cold
|
hideg
|
| 182
|
full
|
teli
|
| 183
|
new
|
új
|
| 184
|
old
|
öreg (being), régi (thing)
|
| 185
|
good
|
jó
|
| 186
|
bad
|
rossz
|
| 187
|
rotten
|
rohadt
|
| 188
|
dirty
|
piszkos
|
| 189
|
straight
|
egyenes
|
| 190
|
round
|
kerek
|
| 191
|
sharp (as a knife)
|
éles
|
| 192
|
dull (as a knife)
|
tompa
|
| 193
|
smooth
|
sima
|
| 194
|
wet
|
nedves
|
| 195
|
dry
|
száraz
|
| 196
|
correct
|
helyes
|
| 197
|
near
|
közel
|
| 198
|
far
|
távol
|
| 199
|
right
|
jobb
|
| 200
|
left
|
bal
|
| 201
|
at
|
-nál, -nél (the adessive case; no specific word)
|
| 202
|
in
|
-ban, -ben (the inessive case; no specific word)
|
| 203
|
with
|
-val, -vel (the instrumental-comitative case; no specific word)
|
| 204
|
and
|
és
|
| 205
|
if
|
ha
|
| 206
|
because
|
mert
|
| 207
|
name
|
név
|
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :
- verbs : 3rd person, singular, indicative present
- other words : neutral or masculine, singular, nominative (subject)
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.
Hungarian is a postpositional language. Hence 'in','on','with' etc are shown as -word. As Hungarian has vowel harmony, those postpositionals appear here in both their forms. Lastly, 'with' is a special case and might change its 'v' to match the final consonant of the noun with which it is associated.
- Dictionnaire pour touristes hongrois-français / français-hongrois, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2004 - ISBN 963-05-6304-5
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
